Heterogeneity of ESG Factors in the Context of Economic and Environmental Transformation: A Scientific Mapping of the State of the Art

Abstract

This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the extant literature on ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) transformation and its determinants. By applying PRISMA standard and SciMAT software for scientific mapping and bibliometric analysis, the research examines 437 papers published between 2016-2025 in the Scopus database.

The study reveals motor themes shaping the intellectual structure of this domain, including: investments, regulatory framework, digital transformation, carbon and environmental factors, governance risk and sustainability disclosure. Recent trends underline the importance of resource management, value creation, and broader sustainability issues. Emerging topics underscore the relevance of climate change, institutional framework, ESG investing, and industry perspective.

These results emphasize the complex and interconnected factors determining the successful ESG integration into business strategy, offering valuable guidance to both managers and policymakers. Finally, this study serves as a reference point for researchers and practitioners aiming to develop more effective ESG transformation strategies.

Keywords: ESG transformation, sustainability, literature review, SciMAT, PRISMA